Alexander Dugin

Alexander Dugin is a Russian political philosopher and the chief contemporary theorist of Eurasianism — the doctrine that Russia is a distinct civilisation, neither Western nor Asian, locked in inevitable struggle with Atlantic liberalism. His 1997 textbook 'Foundations of Geopolitics' became required reading at the Russian General Staff Academy and shaped Kremlin thinking on the near abroad, Ukraine, and a multipolar world order. Dugin's 'Fourth Political Theory' (2009) attempts to construct a post-liberal, post-communist, post-fascist alternative grounded in tradition, ethnos, and rejection of universalist modernity. He briefly co-led the National Bolshevik Party with Eduard Limonov before splitting from it. His daughter Darya Dugina was killed by a car bomb in Moscow in August 2022 — an attack widely attributed to Ukrainian intelligence and likely intended for Dugin himself. He remains a fixture of the Russian intellectual right and an exported reference point for hard-right movements abroad.